Sources
All parliamentary data is sourced directly from official institutions. Each entry refers back to the original publication or dataset.
All parliamentary data is sourced directly from official institutions. Each entry refers back to the original publication or dataset.
Rovny, Jan, Ryan Bakker, Liesbet Hooghe, Seth Jolly, Gary Marks, Jonathan Polk, Marco Steenbergen, and Milada Vachudova. “25 Years of Political Party Positions in Europe: The Chapel Hill Expert Survey, 1999-2024,” working paper.
Portal de datos abiertos del Congreso de los Diputados (export "DiputadosActivos", campo GRUPOPARLAMENTARIO), consultado el 2026-08-11.
Herrmann, M. & Doring, H. (2023). Party Positions from Wikipedia Classifications of Party Ideology. Political Analysis, 31(1), 22-41. doi:10.1017/pan.2021.28. Data: Doring, H. & Herrmann, M. Party Positions from Wikipedia Tags. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7043510. https://github.com/hdigital/partypositions-wikitags
API publique du Sénat listant chaque sénateur en exercice avec son groupe politique (champ groupe.code/libelle), agrégée par groupe, consultée le 2026-08-11.
API OData officielle de l'Assemblée fédérale (entité MemberCouncil, Conseil national), consultée le 2026-08-10.
Rooduijn, M., Van Kessel, S., Froio, C., Pirro, A., De Lange, S., Halikiopoulou, D., Lewis, P., Mudde, C. & Taggart, P. (2023). The PopuList 4.0: A Database of Populist, Far-Left, and Far-Right Parties Using Expert-Informed Qualitative Comparative Classification (EiQCC). OSF. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/2EWKQ. Covers national elections from 1 January 1989 to 1 May 2026.